"FED" - središnja banka SAD-a
Je zapravo dioničko društvo ...
a glavni dioničari su privatne banke. To piše na njihovim WEB stranicama. "Pursuant to the Federal Reserve Act, each of the 12 Reserve Banks is separately incorporated and has a nine-member board of directors.
Commercial banks that are members of the Federal Reserve System hold stock in their District's Reserve Bank
and elect six of the Reserve Bank's directors; three remaining directors are appointed by the Board of Governors. Most Reserve Banks have at least one Branch, and each Branch has its own board of directors. Branch directors are appointed by either the Reserve Bank or the Board of Governors. Directors serve as a link between the Federal Reserve and the private sector. As a group, directors bring to their duties a wide variety of experiences in the private sector, which gives them invaluable insight into the economic conditions of their respective Federal Reserve Districts. Reserve Bank head-office and Branch directors contribute to the System's overall understanding of the economy. The Federal Reserve is not funded by congressional appropriations. Its operations are financed primarily from the interest earned on the securities it owns--securities acquired in the course of the Federal Reserve's open market operations. The fees received for priced services provided to depository institutions, such as check clearing, funds transfers, and automated clearinghouse operations, are another source of income; this income is used to cover the cost of those services.After payment of expenses and transfers to surplus (limited to an aggregate of $10 billion), all the net earnings of the Federal Reserve Banks are transferred to the U.S. Treasury."
Nije baš da sva zarada ostaje dioničarima, ali 10 milijardi USD$ ( 10 000 000 000USD$ ) nije mali iznos koji ostaje komercijalnim bankama. Za ništa. Za posudit izmišljen novac. U EU su to napravili na drugačiji način. Zabranili su nacionalnim bankama da financiraju državni proračun. Države članice EU moraju se zaduživati kod komercijalnih banaka direktno. S obzirom da HNB ne može napraviti primarnu emisiju EUR-a, nema drugog izbora već se zadužiti kod privatnih banaka. S obzirom da banke na kredite obračunavaju kamatu stvara se novi dug za koji se mora uzeti novi kredit i tako unedogled. Odnosno do recesije. Tada dolazi do naplate osiguranja duga, tj. do preuzimanja realne imovine.